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                    <h1 class="description center-align post-title">go mod使用</h1>
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                    <i class="far fa-calendar-minus fa-fw"></i>发布日期:&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    2021-07-31
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                <p>最近由于换工作，开始交接工作。整理以前的工作内容，由于组内就我一个在做go和大数据。 所以开发没有规划，当时是怎么快怎么来。go也是使用最传统的go path的方式管理的。都是手动管理依赖的。现在交接给他人，需要多人开发，发现很多问题。比如版本问题，各种依赖的问题等等。</p>
<p>由于工作原因，几乎所有主流语言都写过。所以，对应语言包管理工具也都了解和使用过。我前面有写过maven的使用。<br>maven是使用过的功能最强大的包管理工具了，maven定位是项目管理工具。pip和npm都是及格的产品。</p>
<p>我个人觉得，一个包管理工具应该有以下功能：</p>
<h3 id="基本功能"><a href="#基本功能" class="headerlink" title="基本功能"></a>基本功能</h3><ol>
<li>依赖管理</li>
<li>依赖包版本控制</li>
<li>对应的包管理平台</li>
<li>可以私有化部署</li>
</ol>
<p>加分：<br>5. 代码包是否可以复用<br>6. 构建，测试,打包<br>7. 发布上线</p>
<p>对比上面几点：<br>目前做的最好的也就 maven了，gradle没有使用过，不知道。</p>
<p>今天主角是go mod，先来谈谈没有使用go mod之前的问题。</p>
<h3 id="使用go-path问题"><a href="#使用go-path问题" class="headerlink" title="使用go path问题"></a>使用go path问题</h3><ol>
<li>代码开发必须在go path src目录下，不然，就有问题。</li>
<li>依赖手动管理</li>
<li>依赖包没有版本可言</li>
</ol>
<p>从这个看， go path不算包管理工具</p>
<h3 id="govendor"><a href="#govendor" class="headerlink" title="govendor"></a>govendor</h3><ol>
<li>解决了包依赖，一个配置文件就管理</li>
<li>依赖包全都下载到项目vendor下，每个项目都把有一份。拉取项目时,开始怀疑人生。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="go-mod介绍"><a href="#go-mod介绍" class="headerlink" title="go mod介绍"></a>go mod介绍</h3><p>go modules 是 golang 1.11 新加的特性。现在1.12 已经发布了，是时候用起来了。Modules官方定义为：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>模块是相关Go包的集合。modules是源代码交换和版本控制的单元。 go命令直接支持使用modules，包括记录和解析对其他模块的依赖性。modules替换旧的基于GOPATH的方法来指定在给定构建中使用哪些源文件。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="如何使用go-mod"><a href="#如何使用go-mod" class="headerlink" title="如何使用go mod"></a>如何使用go mod</h3><p>首先，必须升级go到1.11,目前版本是1.14<br>下面我以我自己升级演示：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">
<span class="token comment">### 卸载旧版本，删除对应文件</span>
brew uninstall -f go

<span class="token comment">### 更新一下brew</span>

brew update


<span class="token comment">### 安装go</span>
brew <span class="token function">install</span> go<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>上面升级完了，使用 <code>go version</code>看下版本</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">go version go1.14.1 darwin/amd64<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>下面设置go mod和go proxy</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">go <span class="token function">env</span> -w <span class="token assign-left variable">GOBIN</span><span class="token operator">=</span>/Users/youdi/go/bin
go <span class="token function">env</span> -w <span class="token assign-left variable">GO111MODULE</span><span class="token operator">=</span>on
go <span class="token function">env</span> -w <span class="token assign-left variable">GOPROXY</span><span class="token operator">=</span>https://goproxy.cn,direct // 使用七牛云的<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>注意： go env -w会将配置写到  <code>GOENV="/Users/youdi/Library/Application Support/go/env"</code></p>
<p>下面看下我的配置</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">GO111MODULE="on"
GOARCH="amd64"
GOBIN="/Users/youdi/go/bin"
GOCACHE="/Users/youdi/Library/Caches/go-build"
GOENV="/Users/youdi/Library/Application Support/go/env"
GOEXE=""
GOFLAGS=""
GOHOSTARCH="amd64"
GOHOSTOS="darwin"
GOINSECURE=""
GONOPROXY=""
GONOSUMDB=""
GOOS="darwin"
GOPATH="/Users/youdi/go"
GOPRIVATE=""
GOPROXY="https://goproxy.cn,direct"
GOROOT="/usr/local/go"
GOSUMDB="off"
GOTMPDIR=""
GOTOOLDIR="/usr/local/go/pkg/tool/darwin_amd64"
GCCGO="gccgo"
AR="ar"
CC="clang"
CXX="clang++"
CGO_ENABLED="1"
GOMOD="/dev/null"
CGO_CFLAGS="-g -O2"
CGO_CPPFLAGS=""
CGO_CXXFLAGS="-g -O2"
CGO_FFLAGS="-g -O2"
CGO_LDFLAGS="-g -O2"
PKG_CONFIG="pkg-config"
GOGCCFLAGS="-fPIC -m64 -pthread -fno-caret-diagnostics -Qunused-arguments -fmessage-length=0 -fdebug-prefix-map=/var/folders/8m/v_1j4dgs7rzgqq4p_4_8k_nr0000gn/T/go-build221113671=/tmp/go-build -gno-record-gcc-switches -fno-common"
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>


<p>我们看一下，我修改的内容</p>
<p>cat /Users/youdi/Library/Application Support/go/env</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token assign-left variable">GO111MODULE</span><span class="token operator">=</span>on
<span class="token assign-left variable">GOBIN</span><span class="token operator">=</span>/Users/youdi/go/bin
<span class="token assign-left variable">GOPROXY</span><span class="token operator">=</span>https://goproxy.cn,direct
<span class="token assign-left variable">GOSUMDB</span><span class="token operator">=</span>off<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>


<h3 id="GO111MODULE"><a href="#GO111MODULE" class="headerlink" title="GO111MODULE"></a>GO111MODULE</h3><p>GO111MODULE 有三个值：off, on和auto（默认值）。</p>
<p>GO111MODULE=off，go命令行将不会支持module功能，寻找依赖包的方式将会沿用旧版本那种通过vendor目录或者GOPATH模式来查找。<br>GO111MODULE=on，go命令行会使用modules，而一点也不会去GOPATH目录下查找。<br>GO111MODULE=auto，默认值，go命令行将会根据当前目录来决定是否启用module功能。这种情况下可以分为两种情形：</p>
<pre><code>当前目录在GOPATH/src之外且该目录包含go.mod文件
当前文件在包含go.mod文件的目录下面。
</code></pre>
<p>当modules功能启用时，依赖包的存放位置变更为$GOPATH/pkg，允许同一个package多个版本并存，且多个项目可以共享缓存的 module</p>
<p>我们看下目录：</p>
<p>cd /Users/youdi/go/pkg</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">├── darwin_amd64
│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── github.com
│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── go.etcd.io
│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── golang
│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── golang.org
│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── gopkg.in
│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── quickstart
│&nbsp;&nbsp; └── uc.a
├── mod
│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── cache
│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── github.com
│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── golang.org
│&nbsp;&nbsp; ├── google.golang.org
│&nbsp;&nbsp; └── gopkg.in
└── sumdb
    └── sum.golang.org<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>


<h3 id="go-mod命令"><a href="#go-mod命令" class="headerlink" title="go mod命令"></a>go mod命令</h3><p>golang 提供了 <code>go mod</code>命令来管理包。</p>
<p>go help mod</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">
Go mod provides access to operations on modules.

Note that support <span class="token keyword">for</span> modules is built into all the go commands,
not just <span class="token string">'go mod'</span><span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> For example, day-to-day adding, removing, upgrading,
and downgrading of dependencies should be <span class="token keyword">done</span> using <span class="token string">'go get'</span><span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
See <span class="token string">'go help modules'</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> an overview of module functionality.

Usage:

	go mod <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>command<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>arguments<span class="token punctuation">]</span>

The commands are:

	download    download modules to <span class="token builtin class-name">local</span> cache
	edit        edit go.mod from tools or scripts
	graph       print module requirement graph
	init        initialize new module <span class="token keyword">in</span> current directory
	tidy        <span class="token function">add</span> missing and remove unused modules
	vendor      <span class="token function">make</span> vendored copy of dependencies
	verify      verify dependencies have expected content
	why         explain why packages or modules are needed

Use <span class="token string">"go help mod &lt;command&gt;"</span> <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token function">more</span> information about a command.
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>go mod 有以下命令：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>命令</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>download</td>
<td>download modules to local cache(下载依赖包)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>edit</td>
<td>edit go.mod from tools or scripts（编辑go.mod)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>graph</td>
<td>print module requirement graph (打印模块依赖图)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>verify</td>
<td>initialize new module in current directory（在当前目录初始化mod）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tidy</td>
<td>add missing and remove unused modules(拉取缺少的模块，移除不用的模块)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>vendor</td>
<td>make vendored copy of dependencies(将依赖复制到vendor下)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>verify</td>
<td>verify dependencies have expected content (验证依赖是否正确）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>why</td>
<td>explain why packages or modules are needed(解释为什么需要依赖)</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>比较常用的是 <code>init</code>,<code>tidy</code>, <code>edit</code></p>
<h3 id="使用go-mod管理一个新项目"><a href="#使用go-mod管理一个新项目" class="headerlink" title="使用go mod管理一个新项目"></a>使用go mod管理一个新项目</h3><h4 id="1-初始化项目"><a href="#1-初始化项目" class="headerlink" title="1. 初始化项目"></a>1. 初始化项目</h4><p>可以随便找一个目录创建项目，我使用习惯用IDEA进行创建</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">mkdir</span> Gone
<span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> Gone
go mod init Gone<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>查看一下 go.mod文件</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go">module Gone

<span class="token keyword">go</span> <span class="token number">1.14</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>go.mod文件一旦创建后，它的内容将会被go toolchain全面掌控。go toolchain会在各类命令执行时，比如go get、go build、go mod等修改和维护go.mod文件。</p>
<p>go.mod 提供了module, require、replace和exclude 四个命令</p>
<ul>
<li><code>module</code> 语句指定包的名字（路径）</li>
<li><code>require</code> 语句指定的依赖项模块</li>
<li><code>replace</code> 语句可以替换依赖项模块</li>
<li><code>exclude</code> 语句可以忽略依赖项模块</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="2-添加依赖"><a href="#2-添加依赖" class="headerlink" title="2. 添加依赖"></a>2. 添加依赖</h4><p>创建 main.go文件</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go"><span class="token keyword">package</span> main

<span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
	<span class="token string">"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"</span>
<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	r <span class="token operator">:=</span> gin<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Default</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	r<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">GET</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"/ping"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">func</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>c <span class="token operator">*</span>gin<span class="token punctuation">.</span>Context<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		c<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">JSON</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">200</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> gin<span class="token punctuation">.</span>H<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
			<span class="token string">"message"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"pong"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
		<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	r<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">// listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 (for windows "localhost:8080")</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>


<p>执行 go run main.go 运行代码会发现 go mod 会自动查找依赖自动下载<br>再查看 <code>go.mod</code></p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">module Gone

go <span class="token number">1.14</span>

require github.com/gin-gonic/gin v1.6.3<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>go module 安装 package 的原則是先拉最新的 release tag，若无tag则拉最新的commit</p>
<p>go 会自动生成一个 go.sum 文件来记录 dependency tree</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jacksonyoudi/images/main/uPic/JhSGHb.jpg"></p>
<p>再次执行脚本 go run main.go发现跳过了检查并安装依赖的步骤。</p>
<p>可以使用命令 go list -m -u all 来检查可以升级的package，使用go get -u need-upgrade-package 升级后会将新的依赖版本更新到go.mod * 也可以使用 go get -u 升级所有依赖</p>
<p>去mod包缓存下看看</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">/Users/youdi/go/pkg/mod/github.com/gin-gonic/gin@v1.6.3<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>


<h3 id="go-get升级"><a href="#go-get升级" class="headerlink" title="go get升级"></a>go get升级</h3><ul>
<li>运行 go get -u 将会升级到最新的次要版本或者修订版本(x.y.z, z是修订版本号， y是次要版本号)</li>
<li>运行 go get -u=patch 将会升级到最新的修订版本</li>
<li>运行 go get package@version 将会升级到指定的版本号version</li>
<li>运行go get如果有版本的更改，那么go.mod文件也会更改</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="使用replace替换无法直接获取的package"><a href="#使用replace替换无法直接获取的package" class="headerlink" title="使用replace替换无法直接获取的package"></a>使用replace替换无法直接获取的package</h3><p>由于某些已知的原因，并不是所有的package都能成功下载，比如：golang.org下的包。</p>
<p>modules 可以通过在 go.mod 文件中使用 replace 指令替换成github上对应的库，比如：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go">replace <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
	golang<span class="token punctuation">.</span>org<span class="token operator">/</span>x<span class="token operator">/</span>crypto v0<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token number">0.0</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">20190313024323</span><span class="token operator">-</span>a1f597ede03a <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> github<span class="token punctuation">.</span>com<span class="token operator">/</span>golang<span class="token operator">/</span>crypto v0<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token number">0.0</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">20190313024323</span><span class="token operator">-</span>a1f597ede03a
<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<h3 id="go-mod发布和使用"><a href="#go-mod发布和使用" class="headerlink" title="go mod发布和使用"></a>go mod发布和使用</h3><p>参考Roberto Selbach写的go mod入门文章，文末，我给出链接</p>
<h3 id="Creating-a-Module"><a href="#Creating-a-Module" class="headerlink" title="Creating a Module"></a>Creating a Module</h3><p>如果你设置好go mod了，那你就可以在任何目录下随便创建</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token variable">$mkdir</span> gomodone
<span class="token variable">$cd</span> gomodone<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>在这个目录下创建一个文件<code>say.go</code></p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go"><span class="token keyword">package</span> gomodone

<span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token string">"fmt"</span> 

<span class="token comment">// say Hi to someone</span>
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">SayHi</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name <span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
   <span class="token keyword">return</span> fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Sprintf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Hi, %s"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>初始化一个 <code>go.mod</code>文件</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">$ go mod init github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone
go: creating new go.mod: module github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>查看 go.mod内容如下：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go">github<span class="token punctuation">.</span>com<span class="token operator">/</span>jacksonyoudi<span class="token operator">/</span>gomodone
<span class="token keyword">go</span> <span class="token number">1.14</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>下面我们要将这个module发布到github上，然后在另外一个程序使用</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token variable">$git</span> init
<span class="token variable">$vim</span> .gitiiignore
<span class="token variable">$git</span> commit -am <span class="token string">"init"</span>
// github创建对应的repo
<span class="token variable">$git</span> remote <span class="token function">add</span> origin git@github.com:jacksonyoudi/gomodone.git
<span class="token variable">$git</span> push -u origin master<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>执行完，上面我们就相当于发布完了。</p>
<p>如果有人需要使用，就可以使用</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">go get github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>这个时候没有加tag，所以，没有版本的控制。默认是v0.0.0后面接上时间和commitid。如下：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">gomodone@v0.0.0-20200517004046-ee882713fd1e<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>官方不建议这样做，没有进行版本控制管理。</p>
<h3 id="module-versioning"><a href="#module-versioning" class="headerlink" title="module versioning"></a>module versioning</h3><p>使用tag，进行版本控制</p>
<h4 id="making-a-release"><a href="#making-a-release" class="headerlink" title="making a release"></a>making a release</h4><pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">git</span> tag v1.0.0
<span class="token function">git</span> push --tags<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>操作完，我们的module就发布了一个v1.0.0的版本了。</p>
<p>推荐在这个状态下，再切出一个分支，用于后续v1.0.0的修复推送,不要直接在master分支修复</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token variable">$git</span> checkout -b v1
<span class="token variable">$git</span> push -u origin v1<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>


<h3 id="use-our-module"><a href="#use-our-module" class="headerlink" title="use our module"></a>use our module</h3><p>上面已经发布了一个v1.0.0的版本，我们可以在另一个项目中使用，创建一个go的项目</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token variable">$mkdir</span> Gone
<span class="token variable">$cd</span> Gone
<span class="token variable">$vim</span> main.go<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go"><span class="token keyword">package</span> main

<span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
	<span class="token string">"fmt"</span>
	<span class="token string">"github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone"</span>
<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>gomodone<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SayHi</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Roberto"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>代码写好了，我们生成 go mod文件</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">go mod init Gone<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>上面命令执行完，会生成 go mod文件<br>看下mod文件：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">module Gone

go <span class="token number">1.14</span>

require <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
	github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone v1.0.0
<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>


<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token variable">$go</span> mod tidy
go: finding module <span class="token keyword">for</span> package github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone
go: found github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone <span class="token keyword">in</span> github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone v1.0.0<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>同时还生成了go.sum, 其中包含软件包的哈希值，以确保我们具有正确的版本和文件。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone v1.0.1 h1:jFd+qZlAB0R3zqrC9kwO8IgPrAdayMUS0rSHMDc/uG8<span class="token operator">=</span>
github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone v1.0.1/go.mod h1:XWi+BLbuiuC2YM8Qz4yQzTSPtHt3T3hrlNN2pNlyA94<span class="token operator">=</span>
github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone/v2 v2.0.0 h1:GpzGeXCx/Xv2ueiZJ8hEhFwLu7xjxLBjkOYSmg8Ya/w<span class="token operator">=</span>
github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone/v2 v2.0.0/go.mod h1:L8uFPSZNHoAhpaePWUfKmGinjufYdw9c2i70xtBorSw<span class="token operator">=</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>这个内容是下面的，需要操作执行的结果</p>
<p>go run main.go就可以运行了</p>
<h3 id="Making-a-bugfix-release"><a href="#Making-a-bugfix-release" class="headerlink" title="Making a bugfix release"></a>Making a bugfix release</h3><p>假如fix一个bug,我们在v1版本上进行修复</p>
<p>修改代码如下：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go"><span class="token comment">// say Hi to someone</span>
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">SayHi</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name <span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token operator">-</span>       <span class="token keyword">return</span> fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Sprintf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Hi, %s"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token operator">+</span>       <span class="token keyword">return</span> fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Sprintf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Hi, %s!"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> name<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>修复好，我们开始push</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">$ <span class="token function">git</span> commit -m <span class="token string">"Emphasize our friendliness"</span> say.go
$ <span class="token function">git</span> tag v1.0.1
$ <span class="token function">git</span> push --tags origin v1<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<h4 id="Updating-modules"><a href="#Updating-modules" class="headerlink" title="Updating modules"></a>Updating modules</h4><p>刚才fix bug，所以要在我们使用项目中更新</p>
<p>这个需要我们手动执行更新module操作</p>
<p>我们通过使用我们的好朋友来做到这一点go get：</p>
<ul>
<li>运行  <code>go get -u</code> 以使用最新的  minor  版本或修补程序版本（即它将从1.0.0更新到例如1.0.1，或者，如果可用，则更新为1.1.0）</li>
<li>运行  go get -u=patch 以使用最新的  修补程序  版本（即，将更新为1.0.1但不更新  为1.1.0）</li>
<li>运行go get package@version 以更新到特定版本（例如github.com/jacksonyoudi/<a href="mailto:gomodone@v1.0.1">gomodone@v1.0.1</a>）</li>
</ul>
<p>目前module最新的也是v1.0.1</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">// 更新最新
<span class="token variable">$go</span> get -u
<span class="token variable">$go</span> get -u<span class="token operator">=</span>patch
//指定包，指定版本
<span class="token variable">$go</span> get github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone@v1.0.1<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>操作完，go.mod文件会修改如下:</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go">module Gone

<span class="token keyword">go</span> <span class="token number">1.14</span>

require <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
	github<span class="token punctuation">.</span>com<span class="token operator">/</span>jacksonyoudi<span class="token operator">/</span>gomodone v1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token number">0.1</span>
<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>



<h4 id="Major-versions"><a href="#Major-versions" class="headerlink" title="Major versions"></a>Major versions</h4><p>根据语义版本语义，主要版本与次要版本  不同。主要版本可能会破坏向后兼容性。从Go模块的角度来看，主要版本是  完全不同的软件包。乍一看这听起来很奇怪，但这是有道理的：两个不兼容的库版本是两个不同的库。<br>比如下面修改，完全破坏了兼容性。</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go"><span class="token keyword">package</span> gomodone

<span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
	<span class="token string">"errors"</span>
	<span class="token string">"fmt"</span>
<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment">// Hi returns a friendly greeting</span>
<span class="token comment">// Hi returns a friendly greeting in language lang</span>
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">SayHi</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> lang <span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token keyword">switch</span> lang <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	<span class="token keyword">case</span> <span class="token string">"en"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
		<span class="token keyword">return</span> fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Sprintf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Hi, %s!"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
	<span class="token keyword">case</span> <span class="token string">"pt"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
		<span class="token keyword">return</span> fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Sprintf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Oi, %s!"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
	<span class="token keyword">case</span> <span class="token string">"es"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
		<span class="token keyword">return</span> fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Sprintf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"¡Hola, %s!"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
	<span class="token keyword">case</span> <span class="token string">"fr"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
		<span class="token keyword">return</span> fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Sprintf</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Bonjour, %s!"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
	<span class="token keyword">default</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
		<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">""</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> errors<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">New</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"unknown language"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>


<p>如上，我们需要不同的大版本，这种情况下</p>
<p>修改 go.mod如下</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go">module github<span class="token punctuation">.</span>com<span class="token operator">/</span>jacksonyoudi<span class="token operator">/</span>gomodone<span class="token operator">/</span>v2

<span class="token keyword">go</span> <span class="token number">1.14</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>然后，重新tag，push</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">$ <span class="token function">git</span> commit say.go -m <span class="token string">"Change Hi to allow multilang"</span>
$ <span class="token function">git</span> checkout -b v2 <span class="token comment"># 用于v2版本，后续修复v2</span>
$ <span class="token function">git</span> commit go.mod -m <span class="token string">"Bump version to v2"</span>
$ <span class="token function">git</span> tag v2.0.0
$ <span class="token function">git</span> push --tags origin v2 <span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<h3 id="Updating-to-a-major-version"><a href="#Updating-to-a-major-version" class="headerlink" title="Updating to a major version"></a>Updating to a major version</h3><p>即使发布了库的新不兼容版本，现有软件 也不会中断，因为它将继续使用现有版本1.0.1。go get -u 将不会获得版本2.0.0。<br>如果想使用v2.0.0,代码改成如下：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go"><span class="token keyword">package</span> main

<span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
	<span class="token string">"fmt"</span>
    <span class="token string">"github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone/v2"</span>
<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	g<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> gomodone<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SayHi</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Roberto"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"pt"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	<span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		<span class="token function">panic</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>err<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>g<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>执行 go mod tidy</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">go: finding module <span class="token keyword">for</span> package github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone/v2
go: downloading github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone/v2 v2.0.0
go: found github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone/v2 <span class="token keyword">in</span> github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone/v2 v2.0.0<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>当然，两个版本都可以同时使用, 使用别名<br>如下：</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go"><span class="token keyword">package</span> main

<span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>
	<span class="token string">"fmt"</span>
	<span class="token string">"github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone"</span>
	mv2 <span class="token string">"github.com/jacksonyoudi/gomodone/v2"</span>
<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
	g<span class="token punctuation">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> mv2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SayHi</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Roberto"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"pt"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	<span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
		<span class="token function">panic</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>err<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>g<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

	fmt<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">Println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>gomodone<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">SayHi</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Roberto"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>执行一下 <code>go mod tidy</code></p>
<h3 id="Vendoring"><a href="#Vendoring" class="headerlink" title="Vendoring"></a>Vendoring</h3><p>默认是忽略vendor的，如果想在项目目录下有vendor可以执行下面命令</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-none"><code class="language-none">$go vendor<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>

<p>当然，如果构建程序的时候，希望使用vendor中的依赖，</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-go" data-language="go"><code class="language-go">$ <span class="token keyword">go</span> build <span class="token operator">-</span>mod vendor<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>


<h3 id="IDEA下开发GO"><a href="#IDEA下开发GO" class="headerlink" title="IDEA下开发GO"></a>IDEA下开发GO</h3><ol>
<li>创建go项目</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jacksonyoudi/images/main/uPic/IqR0yI.jpg"></p>
<ol start="2">
<li><p>创建完项目，会自动生成go mod文件<br>如果需要修改，可以手动修改，加入git等操作</p>
</li>
<li><p>写业务逻辑代码</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jacksonyoudi/images/main/uPic/ZNN4tE.jpg"><br>4. 解决依赖，更新go.mod</p>
<p><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jacksonyoudi/images/main/uPic/CxoGM9.jpg"></p>
<ol start="5">
<li>go build</li>
</ol>

                
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